Glossary
There are currently 35 names in this directory beginning with the letter D.
Dandy–Walker malformation
brain malformation that occurs during embryonic development of the cerebellum and 4th ventricle and is characterized by underdevelopment (small size and abnormal position) of the cerebellar vermis (the middle part of the cerebellum), cystic enlargement of the 4th ventricle, and enlargement of the base of the skull (posterior fossa)
de Grouchy syndrome (distal 18q)
deletion of genetic material from the long arm of chromosome 18, specifically, the distal section of 18q typically extending to the tip of the long arm of chromosome 18
Deletion
a type of chromosomal mutation in which a genetic sequence is lost from a chromosome, usually through an error in recombination
de nova mutation: new or spontaneous mutation not inherited from either parent
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
the genetic material found in all cells; DNA consists of nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine), sugar (deoxyribose), and phosphate
Dermatofibrosis lenticularis disseminata
dermatologic condition in which small papules or disks of increased dermal elastic tissue appear in early life; autosomal dominant inheritance
Dextrocardia
congenital defect in which the apex of the heart is situated on the right side of the body
Di George syndrome (22q11.2 deletion)
chromosomal disorder characterized by heart abnormalities, cleft palate, distinctive facial features, recurrent infections, breathing problems, kidney abnormalities, low calcium levels in the blood, thrombocytopenia, feeding and gastrointestinal problems, or hearing loss; many have delayed growth and speech development, and learning disabilities
Diaphragmatic hernia
birth defect in which there is an abnormal opening in the diaphragm, causing part of the stomach, spleen, liver, and intestines to go up into the chest cavity near the lungs
Dicentric chromosome
a chromosome with two centromeres, usually resulting from an error of recombination
Digital Constriction Ring (amniotic bands)
narrow segment of significantly reduced circumference of a digit
Diploid
a cell or organism with two complete sets of chromosomes; humans normally have two sets of 23 chromosomes, making them diploid
Disomy
a case in which both copies of a chromosome come from a single parent, rather than one being maternal and one being paternal
Distal
situated away from the point of attachment or origin or a central point; located away from the center of the body
DNA replication
process of making an identical copy of a section of duplex (double-stranded) DNA, using existing DNA as a template for the synthesis of new DNA strands
Dolichocephaly
elongated head; cephalic index (ratio of head width expressed as a percentage of head length) less than 76%; increased antero-posterior length of the head compared to width
Dominant gene
an allele or a trait that will mask the presence of a recessive allele or trait; requires only one of the genes to be mutated for the child to be affected (50% chance)
Double helix
The coiled structure of double-stranded DNA in which strands linked by hydrogen bonds form a spiral configuration, with the two strands oriented in opposite
Double outlet right ventricle
congenital heart disease in which the aorta rises from the right ventricle (the chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs), instead of from the left ventricle (the normal pumping chamber to the body)
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
a chromosomal disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21; symptoms include intellectual impairment, congenital heart defects, low muscle tone (hypotonia); a tendency to keep the mouth open with protrusion of the tongue, and distinctive facial characteristics including a short, small head (microbrachycephaly), upwardly slanting eyelid folds (palpebral fissures), a depressed nasal bridge, a small nose, and a relatively flat facial profile
Dravet syndrome
intractable (uncontrollable) form of epilepsy characterized by unilateral (one-sided) clonic or tonic clonic (grand mal) seizures that may be prolonged (> 5 minutes) or progress to status epilepticus (>30 minutes); myoclonic seizures, often called myoclonic jerks, are common but not always present; most cases caused by mutations of the SCN1A gene on chromosome 2q24
Duane anomaly
disorder of eye movement in which the eye is unable to move outward (toward the ear), and in some cases, inward eye movement (toward the nose) is limited
Duodenal atresia
refers to a blockage in the hollow tube that connects the stomach to the rest of the intestine
Duplication
a type of chromosomal mutation in which a chromosome region is duplicated because of an error in recombination during prophase I of meiosis
Dysmorphism
derived from the Greek dys – meaning abnormal, disease, faulty, impaired and morphology - meaning structure or form
Dysphonia
difficulty in speaking due to a physical disorder of the mouth, tongue, throat, or vocal cords